Libraries are no longer just quiet buildings filled with books. They have evolved into dynamic digital knowledge centers that provide access to information, technology, and collaborative learning spaces. As emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things…

Introduction Let’s address the elephant in the room. You’ve probably heard someone say it with confidence, maybe even a hint of smugness: “Librarianship is dead.” It sounds dramatic, final, and oddly convincing in a world dominated by Google, AI, and…

Natural Language Processing (NLP) for voice-based searches in a library setting is no longer a futuristic idea—it’s happening right now. Libraries are evolving from quiet book repositories into smart information hubs. Users today don’t just type keywords; they speak naturally…

Explains when and how the One Sample t-Test is applied using SPSS software. Relevant research question, research hypothesis, and null hypothesis are also provided.

Explains how descriptive statistics can be calculated in SPSS software.